diff --git a/autoload/global.gd b/autoload/global.gd
index 64d9f55..ef1c12a 100644
--- a/autoload/global.gd
+++ b/autoload/global.gd
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extends Node
 
-const SPEED_LIMIT: int = 4
+const SPEED_LIMIT: int = 5
 
 var Settings: Dictionary = {
         "filename": "save-0001",
diff --git a/stage/stage.gd b/stage/stage.gd
index 44b3bc1..e05d5f3 100644
--- a/stage/stage.gd
+++ b/stage/stage.gd
@@ -315,12 +315,22 @@ func _change_speed(delta: int) -> void:
  
    
 func _on_topmenu_button_pressed(ButtonName) -> void:
-    print("Debug: ", owniverse.state)
+    print("Debug → ")
+    #, owniverse.state)
+    for id in owniverse.state.batches:
+        var s = owniverse.state.batches[id].size()
+        if s != 0:
+            print(id, " → ", s)
+            #, owniverse.state.batches[id])
+            if id == 'HG':
+                print(owniverse.state.batches[id])
+    
     #var s: float = 1E15
     #var z = 1.0
     #for i in range(30):
         #print(i, " | ", z, " | ", " | ", s - z)
         #z *= 10
+    print("-------")
 
 
 func _on_unlock_and_save_timeout() -> void:
@@ -356,7 +366,7 @@ func save_data() -> void:
     game_data["state"] = owniverse.state
     
     SaveManager.save_data("owniverse", "qwerty", game_data)
-    print("saved ", game_data.version, "\n\n\n")
+    #print("saved ", game_data.version, "\n\n\n")
 
 
 func init_enitities() -> Dictionary:
diff --git a/world/owniverse/owniverse.gd b/world/owniverse/owniverse.gd
index 5c4085b..1c8fa7e 100644
--- a/world/owniverse/owniverse.gd
+++ b/world/owniverse/owniverse.gd
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@ var state: Dictionary = {
     'speed_in_year': 1,
     'energy': 1E14,
     'batches': {},
+    'batch_origins': {},
     'binds': {},
     'amount': {},
+    'distribution': {},
+    'auto_resources': {},
     'stats': {
         'total_amount': {},
     }
@@ -44,36 +47,617 @@ var speed: int:
         return state.speed
     set(value):
         state.speed = clampi(value, 1, Global.SPEED_LIMIT)
-        state.speed_in_years = pow(10, state.speed - 1)
-        print(state.speed, " | ", state.speed_in_years)
+        state.speed_in_year = pow(10.0, state.speed - 1)
 
 
-func evolute(delta: float):
-    
-    var new_time: Dictionary = _add_time_delta(delta)
-    # produce and evolute
-    
-    state.time = new_time
+func evolute(delta: float) -> void:
+    if delta <= 0.0 or not is_finite(delta):
+        return
 
-    #new_owniverse.state = state
-    #new_owniverse.stats = stats
-    #new_owniverse.entities = entities
-    
-    #.locked_entities = locked_entities
-    
-    
+    var previous: Dictionary = state
+    var next: Dictionary = previous.duplicate_deep()
+    next.speed = clampi(int(previous.speed), 1, Global.SPEED_LIMIT)
+    next.speed_in_year = pow(10.0, next.speed - 1)
+    var datetime: float = previous.time.datetime + delta * next.speed_in_year
+    var from_year: float = floorf(previous.time.year)
+    var to_year: float = floorf(datetime)
+    if to_year > from_year:
+        var quantities: Dictionary = _physical_amounts(previous)
+        var distribution: Dictionary = _normalize_distribution(quantities)
+        next.distribution = distribution
+
+        _produce_for_period(previous, next, quantities, distribution, from_year, to_year)
+        _evolve_batches(next, to_year)
+        _refresh_groups(next)
+        _clamp_auto_resources(next)
+    next.time = {"datetime": datetime, "year": to_year}
+
+    # Publish only after every phase has finished; previous stays untouched.
+    new_state = next
+    state = next
+    for id in next.amount:
+        if next.amount[id] != previous.amount.get(id, 0.0):
+            items_to_update[id] = next.amount[id]
 
 
 func _add_time_delta(delta: float) -> Dictionary:
-    var new_datetime = state.time.datetime + delta * state.speed_in_year
-    #
-    #new_owniverse.state.year = floorf(new_owniverse.state.datetime)
-    var new_time:= {
-            'datetime': new_datetime,
-            'year': floorf(new_datetime),
-        }
-    #print(new_time)
-    return new_time
+    var new_datetime: float = state.time.datetime + delta * pow(10.0, speed - 1)
+    return {"datetime": new_datetime, "year": floorf(new_datetime)}
+
+
+func _is_group(id: String) -> bool:
+    if entity_groups.has(id):
+        return true
+    for entity: OwniverseEntity in entities.values():
+        if entity.group_as == id:
+            return true
+    return false
+
+
+func _physical_amounts(source: Dictionary) -> Dictionary:
+    var amounts: Dictionary = {}
+    for id in entities:
+        if not _is_group(id):
+            amounts[id] = maxf(0.0, source.amount.get(id, 0.0))
+    for bindings: Dictionary in source.binds.values():
+        for id in bindings:
+            if amounts.has(id):
+                amounts[id] += maxf(0.0, bindings[id])
+    return amounts
+
+
+func _members(id: String) -> Array:
+    if not _is_group(id):
+        return [id]
+    var members: Array = []
+    for key in entities:
+        if entities[key].group_as == id:
+            members.append(key)
+    return members
+
+
+func _available(source: Dictionary, id: String) -> float:
+    var amount: float = 0.0
+    for member in _members(id):
+        amount += maxf(0.0, source.amount.get(member, 0.0))
+    return amount
+
+
+# Resolve group references to concrete types, proportional to free quantities.
+func _expand_requirements(source: Dictionary, requirements: Dictionary) -> Dictionary:
+    var expanded: Dictionary = {}
+    for id in requirements:
+        var weights: Dictionary = {}
+        for member in _members(id):
+            weights[member] = source.amount.get(member, 0.0)
+        weights = _normalize_distribution(weights)
+        for member in weights:
+            expanded[member] = expanded.get(member, 0.0) + maxf(0.0, requirements[id]) * weights[member]
+    return expanded
+
+
+func _take_available(target: Dictionary, id: String, amount: float) -> Dictionary:
+    var quantities: Dictionary = {}
+    for member in _members(id):
+        quantities[member] = target.amount.get(member, 0.0)
+    var distribution: Dictionary = _normalize_distribution(quantities)
+    var taken: Dictionary = {}
+    var total: float = minf(amount, _available(target, id))
+    var discrete: bool = not distribution.is_empty()
+    for member in distribution:
+        discrete = discrete and _is_discrete(member)
+    if discrete:
+        total = floorf(total)
+    var shares: Array = []
+    var assigned: float = 0.0
+    for member in distribution:
+        var expected: float = total * distribution[member]
+        taken[member] = floorf(expected) if discrete else expected
+        assigned += taken[member]
+        shares.append({"id": member, "rest": expected - taken[member]})
+    if discrete:
+        shares.sort_custom(func(a: Dictionary, b: Dictionary) -> bool:
+            return a.rest > b.rest if a.rest != b.rest else a.id < b.id)
+        for share: Dictionary in shares:
+            if assigned >= total:
+                break
+            taken[share.id] += 1.0
+            assigned += 1.0
+    for member in taken:
+        target.amount[member] = maxf(0.0, target.amount.get(member, 0.0) - taken[member])
+    return taken
+
+
+func _scale_batches(target: Dictionary, id: String, factor: float) -> void:
+    var batches: Array = target.batches.get(id, [])
+    var total: float = 0.0
+    var assigned: float = 0.0
+    var shares: Array = []
+    for batch: Dictionary in batches:
+        var expected: float = batch.amount * maxf(0.0, factor)
+        total += expected
+        batch.amount = floorf(expected)
+        assigned += batch.amount
+        shares.append({"batch": batch, "rest": expected - batch.amount})
+    shares.sort_custom(func(a: Dictionary, b: Dictionary) -> bool:
+        return a.rest > b.rest)
+    for share: Dictionary in shares:
+        if assigned < roundf(total):
+            share.batch.amount += 1.0
+            assigned += 1.0
+        share.batch.withdraw_remainder = minf(share.batch.get("withdraw_remainder", 0.0), share.batch.amount)
+
+
+func _is_discrete(_id: String) -> bool:
+    return true
+
+
+func _credit(target: Dictionary, id: String, amount: float) -> float:
+    if amount <= 0.0:
+        return 0.0
+    if _is_discrete(id):
+        if not target.has("production_remainders"):
+            target.production_remainders = {}
+        var expected: float = amount + target.production_remainders.get(id, 0.0)
+        amount = floorf(expected)
+        target.production_remainders[id] = expected - amount
+    target.amount[id] = target.amount.get(id, 0.0) + amount
+    target.stats.total_amount[id] = target.stats.total_amount.get(id, 0.0) + amount
+    if entities.has(id) and entities[id].group_as != "":
+        var group: String = entities[id].group_as
+        target.stats.total_amount[group] = target.stats.total_amount.get(group, 0.0) + amount
+    return amount
+
+
+# Allocate whole objects between free stock and owners without changing totals.
+func _round_object_allocations(target: Dictionary) -> void:
+    var physical: Dictionary = _physical_amounts(target)
+    for id in physical:
+        if not _is_discrete(id):
+            continue
+        var slots: Array = [{"owner": "", "value": target.amount.get(id, 0.0)}]
+        for owner in target.binds:
+            if target.binds[owner].has(id):
+                slots.append({"owner": owner, "value": target.binds[owner][id]})
+        var assigned: float = 0.0
+        for slot: Dictionary in slots:
+            slot.whole = floorf(slot.value)
+            slot.rest = slot.value - slot.whole
+            assigned += slot.whole
+        slots.sort_custom(func(a: Dictionary, b: Dictionary) -> bool:
+            return a.rest > b.rest if a.rest != b.rest else a.owner < b.owner)
+        var left: float = roundf(physical[id]) - assigned
+        for slot: Dictionary in slots:
+            if left > 0.0:
+                slot.whole += 1.0
+                left -= 1.0
+            if slot.owner == "":
+                target.amount[id] = slot.whole
+            else:
+                target.binds[slot.owner][id] = slot.whole
+
+
+func _refresh_groups(target: Dictionary) -> void:
+    var groups: Dictionary = {}
+    for id in entities:
+        var group: String = entities[id].group_as
+        if group != "":
+            groups[group] = groups.get(group, 0.0) + target.amount.get(id, 0.0)
+    for group in groups:
+        target.amount[group] = groups[group]
+
+
+func _clamp_auto_resources(target: Dictionary) -> void:
+    for id in target.get("auto_resources", {}):
+        target.auto_resources[id] = minf(target.auto_resources[id], _available(target, id))
+
+
+# Each type collects production into consecutive lifespan_delta-wide creation windows.
+# Its evolution window is the creation window shifted forward by one lifespan.
+func _append_batch(target: Dictionary, id: String, amount: float,
+        created_from: float, created_to: float) -> void:
+    if amount <= 0.0 or not entities.has(id) or entities[id].lifespan <= 0.0:
+        return
+    if created_to < created_from:
+        return
+    if not target.batches.has(id):
+        target.batches[id] = []
+    if not target.has("batch_origins"):
+        target.batch_origins = {}
+    var batches: Array = target.batches[id]
+    var lifespan: float = entities[id].lifespan
+    var batch_duration: float = entities[id].lifespan_delta
+    if batch_duration <= 0.0:
+        return
+    if not target.batch_origins.has(id):
+        target.batch_origins[id] = batches[0].get("created_from", created_from) if not batches.is_empty() else created_from
+    var origin: float = target.batch_origins[id]
+    var cursor: float = created_from
+    var duration: float = created_to - created_from
+    var remaining_amount: float = amount
+    while true:
+        var window_index: float = floorf((cursor - origin) / batch_duration)
+        var window_start: float = origin + window_index * batch_duration
+        var window_end: float = origin + (window_index + 1.0) * batch_duration
+        var part_end: float = minf(created_to, window_end)
+        var part_amount: float = remaining_amount
+        if duration > 0.0 and part_end < created_to:
+            part_amount = floorf(amount * (part_end - created_from) / duration) - (amount - remaining_amount)
+        var batch: Dictionary = {}
+        for existing: Dictionary in batches:
+            if existing.get("created_from", -INF) == window_start:
+                batch = existing
+                break
+        if batch.is_empty():
+            batch = {
+                "created_from": window_start,
+                "created_to": window_end,
+                "start_year": window_start + lifespan,
+                "end_year": window_end + lifespan,
+                "amount": 0.0,
+            }
+            batches.append(batch)
+        batch.amount += part_amount
+        remaining_amount -= part_amount
+        if duration == 0.0 or part_end >= created_to:
+            break
+        cursor = window_end
+    batches.sort_custom(func(a: Dictionary, b: Dictionary) -> bool:
+        return a.created_from < b.created_from)
+
+
+# Move the left boundary after each partial withdrawal, keeping a uniform density.
+func _withdraw_batches(target: Dictionary, id: String, to_year: float) -> Array:
+    var expired: Array = []
+    var remaining: Array = []
+    for batch: Dictionary in target.batches.get(id, []):
+        var start: float = maxf(batch.start_year, batch.get("processed_until", batch.start_year))
+        var end: float = batch.end_year
+        var amount: float = batch.amount
+        if amount <= 0.0:
+            continue
+        if to_year < start or (to_year == start and end > start):
+            remaining.append(batch)
+            continue
+        var consumed: float = amount
+        var until: float = minf(to_year, end)
+        if to_year < end:
+            var carry: float = batch.get("withdraw_remainder", 0.0)
+            var expected: float = carry + (amount - carry) * (to_year - start) / (end - start)
+            consumed = floorf(expected)
+            batch.withdraw_remainder = expected - consumed
+            batch.amount = maxf(0.0, amount - consumed)
+            batch.processed_until = to_year
+            remaining.append(batch)
+        if consumed > 0.0:
+            expired.append({"amount": consumed, "from": start, "to": until})
+    target.batches[id] = remaining
+    return expired
+
+
+func _evolution_outputs(entity: OwniverseEntity) -> Dictionary:
+    if entity.output_or.is_empty():
+        return entity.output_and.duplicate(true)
+    # Expected quantities keep evolution independent of frame rate and RNG order.
+    var chance: float = clampf(entity.output_or.get("chance", 0.0), 0.0, 1.0)
+    var outputs: Dictionary = {}
+    for branch in ["negative", "positive"]:
+        var weight: float = chance if branch == "positive" else 1.0 - chance
+        for term in str(entity.output_or.get(branch, "")).split("&"):
+            var parts: PackedStringArray = term.split(":")
+            var id: String = parts[0]
+            var amount: float = float(parts[1]) if parts.size() == 2 else 1.0
+            if id != "" and weight > 0.0:
+                outputs[id] = outputs.get(id, 0.0) + amount * weight
+    return outputs
+
+
+func _evolve_batches(target: Dictionary, to_year: float) -> void:
+    # A long cycle may contain several generations; preserve actual birth intervals.
+    while _evolve_batch_generation(target, to_year):
+        pass
+
+
+func _evolve_batch_generation(target: Dictionary, to_year: float) -> bool:
+    var quantities: Dictionary = _physical_amounts(target)
+    var expired: Dictionary = {}
+    # Withdraw all types before creating successors: iteration order cannot affect them.
+    for id in target.batches.keys():
+        if entities.has(id):
+            expired[id] = _withdraw_batches(target, id, to_year)
+    var has_expired: bool = false
+    for parts: Array in expired.values():
+        if not parts.is_empty():
+            has_expired = true
+            break
+    if not has_expired:
+        return false
+    var fractions: Dictionary = {}
+    var outputs: Dictionary = {}
+    for id in expired:
+        var total: float = 0.0
+        for part: Dictionary in expired[id]:
+            total += part.amount
+        fractions[id] = clampf(total / quantities[id], 0.0, 1.0) if quantities.get(id, 0.0) > 0.0 else 0.0
+        outputs[id] = _evolution_outputs(entities[id])
+
+    # Use a frozen binding table so simultaneous transitions cannot cascade by type order.
+    var bindings: Dictionary = target.binds.duplicate(true)
+    var incoming: Dictionary = {}
+    for owner in bindings:
+        var owner_survival: float = 1.0 - fractions.get(owner, 0.0)
+        target.binds[owner] = {}
+        for id in bindings[owner]:
+            var held: float = bindings[owner][id]
+            var released: float = held * (1.0 - owner_survival)
+            target.amount[id] = target.amount.get(id, 0.0) + released
+            var fraction: float = fractions.get(id, 0.0)
+            var remaining: float = held * owner_survival * (1.0 - fraction)
+            target.binds[owner][id] = target.binds[owner].get(id, 0.0) + remaining
+            for successor in outputs.get(id, {}):
+                var transferred: float = held * owner_survival * fraction * maxf(0.0, outputs[id][successor])
+                if not incoming.has(owner):
+                    incoming[owner] = {}
+                incoming[owner][successor] = incoming[owner].get(successor, 0.0) + transferred
+
+    for id in fractions:
+        target.amount[id] = maxf(0.0, target.amount.get(id, 0.0) * (1.0 - fractions[id]))
+
+    var new_owners: Dictionary = {}
+    for id in expired:
+        for part: Dictionary in expired[id]:
+            for successor in outputs[id]:
+                var amount: float = part.amount * maxf(0.0, outputs[id][successor])
+                amount = _credit(target, successor, amount)
+                _append_batch(target, successor, amount, part.from, part.to)
+                new_owners[successor] = new_owners.get(successor, 0.0) + amount
+    for owner in incoming:
+        for id in incoming[owner]:
+            var transferred: float = minf(incoming[owner][id], target.amount.get(id, 0.0))
+            target.binds[owner][id] = target.binds[owner].get(id, 0.0) + transferred
+            target.amount[id] = maxf(0.0, target.amount.get(id, 0.0) - transferred)
+    _bind_new_owners(target, new_owners)
+    _round_object_allocations(target)
+    return true
+
+
+func _bind_new_owners(target: Dictionary, amounts: Dictionary) -> void:
+    var requests: Dictionary = {}
+    for owner in amounts:
+        if not entities.has(owner):
+            continue
+        for id in entities[owner].bind:
+            var quantity: float = amounts[owner] * maxf(0.0, entities[owner].bind[id])
+            var weights: Dictionary = {}
+            for member in _members(id):
+                weights[member] = target.amount.get(member, 0.0)
+            weights = _normalize_distribution(weights)
+            for member in weights:
+                if not requests.has(member):
+                    requests[member] = {}
+                requests[member][owner] = requests[member].get(owner, 0.0) + quantity * weights[member]
+    for id in requests:
+        var requested: float = 0.0
+        for quantity in requests[id].values():
+            requested += quantity
+        var available: float = _available(target, id)
+        var factor: float = minf(1.0, available / requested) if requested > 0.0 else 0.0
+        for owner in requests[id]:
+            var quantity: float = requests[id][owner] * factor
+            if not target.binds.has(owner):
+                target.binds[owner] = {}
+            target.binds[owner][id] = target.binds[owner].get(id, 0.0) + quantity
+            target.amount[id] = maxf(0.0, target.amount.get(id, 0.0) - quantity)
+
+
+# Integrate survival over the period, including partial batch expiry.
+func _object_years(source: Dictionary, id: String, quantity: float,
+        from_year: float, to_year: float) -> float:
+    var result: float = quantity * (to_year - from_year)
+    for batch: Dictionary in source.batches.get(id, []):
+        var start: float = maxf(batch.start_year, batch.get("processed_until", batch.start_year))
+        var end: float = batch.end_year
+        result -= batch.amount * (_expired_years(to_year, start, end) - _expired_years(from_year, start, end))
+    return maxf(0.0, result)
+
+
+func _expired_years(year: float, start: float, end: float) -> float:
+    if year <= start:
+        return 0.0
+    if end <= start:
+        return year - start
+    if year >= end:
+        return year - end + (end - start) * 0.5
+    return (year - start) * (year - start) / (2.0 * (end - start))
+
+
+# Largest-remainder allocation: whole float values, bounded by each request.
+func _allocate_whole(requests: Dictionary, limit: float) -> Dictionary:
+    var total: float = 0.0
+    for amount in requests.values():
+        total += floorf(maxf(0.0, amount))
+    var available: float = floorf(minf(maxf(0.0, limit), total))
+    var result: Dictionary = {}
+    var order: Array = []
+    var assigned: float = 0.0
+    for id in requests:
+        var expected: float = floorf(maxf(0.0, requests[id])) * available / total if total > 0.0 else 0.0
+        result[id] = floorf(expected)
+        assigned += result[id]
+        order.append({"id": id, "rest": expected - result[id]})
+    order.sort_custom(func(a: Dictionary, b: Dictionary) -> bool:
+        return a.rest > b.rest if a.rest != b.rest else a.id < b.id)
+    for item: Dictionary in order:
+        if assigned >= available:
+            break
+        if result[item.id] < floorf(requests[item.id]):
+            result[item.id] += 1.0
+            assigned += 1.0
+    return result
+
+
+# The entity currently exposes type/amount fields; life_product can contain
+# several resources, each specified as total lifetime output.
+func _yearly_products(entity: OwniverseEntity) -> Dictionary:
+    var products: Dictionary = {}
+    if not entity.life_product.is_empty() and entity.lifespan > 0.0:
+        for resource in entity.life_product:
+            products[resource] = maxf(0.0, entity.life_product[resource]) / entity.lifespan
+    elif entity.product_per_year_type != "":
+        products[entity.product_per_year_type] = maxf(0.0, entity.product_per_year_amount)
+    return products
+
+
+func _produce_for_period(previous: Dictionary, target: Dictionary, quantities: Dictionary,
+        distribution: Dictionary, from_year: float, to_year: float) -> void:
+    var basic: Dictionary = {}
+    var automatic: Dictionary = {}
+    for id in quantities:
+        var entity: OwniverseEntity = entities[id]
+        var object_years: float = _object_years(previous, id, quantities[id], from_year, to_year)
+        var auto_share: float = clampf(entity.auto, 0.0, 1.0)
+        var products: Dictionary = _yearly_products(entity)
+        for product in products:
+            var amount: float = object_years * products[product]
+            basic[product] = basic.get(product, 0.0) + amount * (1.0 - auto_share)
+            automatic[product] = automatic.get(product, 0.0) + amount * auto_share
+    # Basic and automatic output each retain their unproduced remainder.
+    if not target.has("resource_remainders"):
+        target.resource_remainders = {"basic": {}, "automatic": {}}
+    var pending: Dictionary = target.resource_remainders
+    var requests: Dictionary = {}
+    for id in basic:
+        pending.basic[id] = pending.basic.get(id, 0.0) + basic[id]
+        pending.automatic[id] = pending.automatic.get(id, 0.0) + automatic[id]
+    var totals: Dictionary = {}
+    for channel in ["basic", "automatic"]:
+        for id in pending[channel]:
+            totals[id] = maxf(0.0, pending.basic.get(id, 0.0) + pending.automatic.get(id, 0.0))
+    for id in totals:
+        if id == "S" or id == "H":
+            requests[id] = floorf(totals[id])
+    var funded: Dictionary = _allocate_whole(requests, floorf(maxf(0.0, previous.energy)))
+    automatic = {}
+    target.energy = previous.energy
+    for id in totals:
+        var amount: float = floorf(totals[id])
+        if id == "S" or id == "H":
+            amount = funded.get(id, 0.0)
+            target.energy -= amount
+        # Split the actual whole output, retaining the allocation error for next time.
+        var auto_ratio: float = clampf(pending.automatic.get(id, 0.0) / totals[id], 0.0, 1.0) if totals[id] > 0.0 else 0.0
+        var auto_amount: float = floorf(amount * auto_ratio)
+        pending.automatic[id] = pending.automatic.get(id, 0.0) - auto_amount
+        pending.basic[id] = pending.basic.get(id, 0.0) - (amount - auto_amount)
+        automatic[id] = auto_amount
+        amount = _credit(target, id, amount)
+        _append_batch(target, id, amount, from_year, to_year)
+
+    # Keep unused automatic resources across cycles; they are part of free amounts.
+    var budget: Dictionary = previous.get("auto_resources", {}).duplicate(true)
+    for id in automatic:
+        budget[id] = budget.get(id, 0.0) + automatic[id]
+    for id in budget:
+        budget[id] = minf(maxf(0.0, budget[id]), _available(target, id))
+    target.auto_resources = budget
+
+    # One common multiplier preserves the initial count ratios, even under scarcity.
+    var candidates: Dictionary = {}
+    for id in distribution:
+        var entity: OwniverseEntity = entities[id]
+        if entity.group_as != "Star":
+            continue
+        var has_cost: bool = false
+        for resource in entity.cost:
+            if entity.cost[resource] > 0.0:
+                has_cost = true
+        if has_cost:
+            candidates[id] = distribution[id]
+    candidates = _normalize_distribution(candidates)
+    if candidates.is_empty():
+        return
+    var costs: Dictionary = {}
+    var needs: Dictionary = {}
+    for id in candidates:
+        if _auto_capacity(target, entities[id], budget) <= 0.0:
+            continue
+        for resource in entities[id].cost:
+            var cost: float = maxf(0.0, entities[id].cost[resource]) * candidates[id]
+            costs[resource] = costs.get(resource, 0.0) + cost
+            needs[resource] = needs.get(resource, 0.0) + cost
+        for resource in entities[id].bind:
+            needs[resource] = needs.get(resource, 0.0) + maxf(0.0, entities[id].bind[resource]) * candidates[id]
+    var scale: float = INF
+    for resource in costs:
+        if costs[resource] > 0.0:
+            scale = minf(scale, budget.get(resource, 0.0) / costs[resource])
+    for resource in needs:
+        if needs[resource] > 0.0:
+            scale = minf(scale, _available(target, resource) / needs[resource])
+    var concrete_needs: Dictionary = _expand_requirements(target, needs)
+    for resource in concrete_needs:
+        if concrete_needs[resource] > 0.0:
+            scale = minf(scale, _available(target, resource) / concrete_needs[resource])
+    if not is_finite(scale) or scale <= 0.0:
+        return
+    # Rare types are served first; signed count deficits compensate later cycles.
+    if not target.has("auto_star_deficits"):
+        target.auto_star_deficits = {}
+    var deficits: Dictionary = target.auto_star_deficits
+    var order: Array = candidates.keys()
+    order.sort_custom(func(a: String, b: String) -> bool:
+        return candidates[a] < candidates[b] if candidates[a] != candidates[b] else a < b)
+    var created: Dictionary = {}
+    var total_created: float = 0.0
+    for id in order:
+        var entity: OwniverseEntity = entities[id]
+        var step: float = _production_step(entity)
+        if not is_finite(step):
+            continue
+        var quota: float = maxf(0.0, candidates[id] * scale + deficits.get(id, 0.0))
+        var desired: float = floorf(quota / step) * step
+        var actual: float = minf(desired, _auto_capacity(target, entity, budget))
+        if actual <= 0.0:
+            continue
+        for resource in entity.cost:
+            var cost: float = roundf(maxf(0.0, entity.cost[resource]) * actual)
+            budget[resource] = maxf(0.0, budget.get(resource, 0.0) - cost)
+            var before: Dictionary = _physical_amounts(target)
+            var taken: Dictionary = _take_available(target, resource, cost)
+            for consumed_id in taken:
+                var factor: float = 1.0 - taken[consumed_id] / before[consumed_id] if before.get(consumed_id, 0.0) > 0.0 else 0.0
+                _scale_batches(target, consumed_id, factor)
+        _bind_new_owners(target, {id: actual})
+        _round_object_allocations(target)
+        created[id] = actual
+        total_created += actual
+    for id in candidates:
+        # Credit only actual production, so retained resources aren't counted twice.
+        deficits[id] = deficits.get(id, 0.0) + candidates[id] * total_created - created.get(id, 0.0)
+    for id in created:
+        _credit(target, id, created[id])
+        _append_batch(target, id, created[id], from_year, to_year)
+
+
+func _auto_capacity(source: Dictionary, entity: OwniverseEntity, budget: Dictionary) -> float:
+    var capacity: float = INF
+    var needs: Dictionary = {}
+    for resource in entity.cost:
+        var cost: float = maxf(0.0, entity.cost[resource])
+        needs[resource] = cost
+        if cost > 0.0:
+            capacity = minf(capacity, floorf(budget.get(resource, 0.0) / cost))
+    for resource in entity.bind:
+        needs[resource] = needs.get(resource, 0.0) + maxf(0.0, entity.bind[resource])
+    for resource in needs:
+        if needs[resource] > 0.0:
+            capacity = minf(capacity, floorf(_available(source, resource) / needs[resource]))
+    var concrete: Dictionary = _expand_requirements(source, needs)
+    for resource in concrete:
+        if concrete[resource] > 0.0:
+            capacity = minf(capacity, floorf(_available(source, resource) / concrete[resource]))
+    var step: float = _production_step(entity)
+    return floorf(capacity / step) * step if is_finite(capacity) and is_finite(step) else 0.0
 
 
 # ----------
@@ -96,7 +680,7 @@ func produce(item_id: String, desired_amount: float) -> float:
     if desired_amount <= 0:
         return 0.0
     
-    var max_producible = calculate_max_producible(entity, desired_amount)
+    var max_producible = floorf(calculate_max_producible(entity, desired_amount))
     
     if max_producible <= 0:
         return 0.0
@@ -106,6 +690,7 @@ func produce(item_id: String, desired_amount: float) -> float:
     
     # Add produced entities
     _process_enitity(item_id, max_producible)
+    add_entity_to_batch(item_id, max_producible, state.time.datetime)
     
     return max_producible
 
@@ -119,14 +704,13 @@ func produce_hs(entity_id: String, value: float) -> float:
         return 0.0
     
     var to_produce: float = floorf(value)
-    to_produce = min(to_produce, state.energy)
+    to_produce = minf(to_produce, floorf(state.energy))
     
     if to_produce <= 0:
         return 0.0
     
     state.energy -= to_produce
     _process_enitity(entity_id, to_produce)
-    state.stats.total_amount[entity_id] = state.stats.total_amount.get(entity_id, 0.0) + to_produce
     
     return to_produce
 
@@ -135,58 +719,76 @@ func produce_hs(entity_id: String, value: float) -> float:
 ## @param entity - entity to produce
 ## @param desired_amount - desired quantity
 ## @return maximum producible amount considering all constraints
+# Find the smallest whole batch whose cost is whole for every resource.
+# Decimal costs are represented as integer fractions; combine their denominators.
+func _production_step(entity: OwniverseEntity) -> float:
+    var step: float = 1.0
+    for value in entity.cost.values():
+        var cost: float = maxf(0.0, value)
+        if cost == 0.0:
+            continue
+        var decimal: String = String.num(cost, 12)
+        var point: int = decimal.find(".")
+        var digits: int = decimal.length() - point - 1 if point >= 0 else 0
+        var denominator: float = pow(10.0, digits)
+        var numerator: float = roundf(cost * denominator)
+        if numerator == 0.0:
+            return INF
+        denominator /= _whole_gcd(numerator, denominator)
+        step = step / _whole_gcd(step, denominator) * denominator
+    return step
+
+
+func _whole_gcd(a: float, b: float) -> float:
+    while b > 0.0:
+        var remainder: float = fmod(a, b)
+        a = b
+        b = remainder
+    return a
+
+
 func calculate_max_producible(entity: OwniverseEntity, desired_amount: float = 1.0E150) -> float:
-    var max_producible: float = desired_amount
-    
-    # Check cost constraints - resources consumed during production
-    for cost_item in entity.cost:
-        if entity.cost[cost_item] == 0:
-            continue
-        var available = state.amount.get(cost_item, 0.0)
-        var max_from_cost = floorf(available / entity.cost[cost_item])
-        max_producible = min(max_producible, max_from_cost)
-    
-    # Check bind constraints - resources locked by produced entity
-    for bind_item in entity.bind:
-        if entity.bind[bind_item] == 0:
-            continue
-        var available = state.amount.get(bind_item, 0.0)
-        var max_from_bind = floorf(available / entity.bind[bind_item])
-        max_producible = min(max_producible, max_from_bind)
-    
-    return max_producible
+    var requirements: Dictionary = {}
+    for resource in entity.cost:
+        requirements[resource] = maxf(0.0, entity.cost[resource])
+    for resource in entity.bind:
+        requirements[resource] = requirements.get(resource, 0.0) + maxf(0.0, entity.bind[resource])
+    var available: float = maxf(0.0, desired_amount)
+    for resource in requirements:
+        if requirements[resource] > 0.0:
+            available = minf(available, floorf(_available(state, resource) / requirements[resource]))
+    var concrete: Dictionary = _expand_requirements(state, requirements)
+    for resource in concrete:
+        if concrete[resource] > 0.0:
+            available = minf(available, floorf(_available(state, resource) / concrete[resource]))
+    var step: float = _production_step(entity)
+    return floorf(available / step) * step if is_finite(step) else 0.0
 
 
-## Applies cost (consumes resources)
-## @param entity - entity being produced
-## @param amount - amount to produce
+## Consume resources without erasing cumulative production statistics.
 func apply_costs(entity: OwniverseEntity, amount: float) -> void:
-    for cost_item in entity.cost:
-        if entity.cost[cost_item] == 0:
-            continue
-        var cost_amount = amount * entity.cost[cost_item]
-        _process_enitity(cost_item, -cost_amount)
+    var costs: Dictionary = {}
+    for resource in entity.cost:
+        costs[resource] = roundf(maxf(0.0, entity.cost[resource]) * amount)
+    for resource in costs:
+        var quantities: Dictionary = _physical_amounts(state)
+        var taken: Dictionary = _take_available(state, resource, costs[resource])
+        for id in taken:
+            var factor: float = 1.0 - taken[id] / quantities[id] if quantities.get(id, 0.0) > 0.0 else 0.0
+            _scale_batches(state, id, factor)
+            items_to_update[id] = state.amount[id]
+    _refresh_groups(state)
+    _clamp_auto_resources(state)
 
 
-## Applies bind (locks resources)
-## @param item_id - id of entity being produced
-## @param entity - entity being produced
-## @param amount - amount to produce
-func apply_binds(item_id: String, entity: OwniverseEntity, amount: float) -> void:
-    for bind_item in entity.bind:
-        if entity.bind[bind_item] == 0:
-            continue
-        var bind_amount = amount * entity.bind[bind_item]
-        
-        # Initialize binds dictionary for this entity if needed
-        if not state.binds.has(item_id):
-            state.binds[item_id] = {}
-        
-        # Record bound amount
-        state.binds[item_id][bind_item] = bind_amount
-        
-        # Decrease available amount (lock it)
-        _process_enitity(bind_item, -bind_amount)
+## Keep concrete bound types, so their ages and transitions remain traceable.
+func apply_binds(item_id: String, _entity: OwniverseEntity, amount: float) -> void:
+    _bind_new_owners(state, {item_id: amount})
+    _round_object_allocations(state)
+    _refresh_groups(state)
+    _clamp_auto_resources(state)
+    for id in state.amount:
+        items_to_update[id] = state.amount[id]
 
 
 ## Computes a normalized distribution of dictionary values (sum equals 1.0)
@@ -196,7 +798,7 @@ func _normalize_distribution(values: Dictionary) -> Dictionary:
     var normalized_distribution: Dictionary = {}
     var distribution_total: float = 0
     for id in values:
-        if values[id] != 0:
+        if values[id] > 0:
             distribution_total += values[id]
             normalized_distribution[id] = values[id]
     for id in normalized_distribution:
@@ -207,71 +809,26 @@ func _normalize_distribution(values: Dictionary) -> Dictionary:
 
 #region Batches
 
-## Consumes entities from batches based on current year
-## Iterates through batches and withdraws amount based on time period:
-## - If current_year >= end_year: consume entire batch
-## - If current_year in [start_year, end_year): consume proportional amount
-## @param entity - entity to consume from
-## @param current_year - current year in universe
-## @return total amount consumed from all applicable batches
+## Withdraws only the previously unprocessed part of each evolution interval.
 func consume_from_batches(entity: OwniverseEntity, current_year: float) -> float:
-    var batches = state.batches[entity.id]
-    var total_consumed: float = 0.0
-    
-    # Iterate backwards to safely remove completed batches
-    state.amount[entity.id] = 0
-    for i in range(batches.size() - 1, -1, -1):
-        var batch = batches[i]
-        
-        # Skip batches that haven't started yet
-        if current_year < batch["start_year"]:
-            state.amount[entity.id] += batch["amount"]
-            continue
-        
-        # If year is past batch end, consume entire batch
-        if current_year >= batch["end_year"]:
-            total_consumed += batch["amount"]
-            batches.remove_at(i)
-        else:
-            # Consume proportional amount based on elapsed time
-            var batch_duration = batch["end_year"] - batch["start_year"]
-            var time_elapsed = current_year - batch["start_year"]
-            var proportion = time_elapsed / batch_duration
-            var consumed_amount = batch["amount"] * proportion
-            
-            total_consumed += consumed_amount
-            batch["amount"] -= consumed_amount
-            state.amount[entity.id] += batch["amount"]
-    
-    return total_consumed
+    var total: float = 0.0
+    var physical: Dictionary = _physical_amounts(state)
+    for part: Dictionary in _withdraw_batches(state, entity.id, current_year):
+        total += part.amount
+    var fraction: float = clampf(total / physical[entity.id], 0.0, 1.0) if physical.get(entity.id, 0.0) > 0.0 else 0.0
+    state.amount[entity.id] = state.amount.get(entity.id, 0.0) * (1.0 - fraction)
+    for owner in state.binds:
+        if state.binds[owner].has(entity.id):
+            state.binds[owner][entity.id] *= 1.0 - fraction
+    _round_object_allocations(state)
+    _refresh_groups(state)
+    items_to_update[entity.id] = state.amount[entity.id]
+    return total
 
 
-## Adds entity amount to appropriate batch based on current year
-## state.batches[entity_id] contains list of batches with intervals and amounts
-## Each batch: {start_year, end_year, amount}
-## @param entity_id - id of entity to add
-## @param amount - quantity of entity being added
-## @param current_year - current year in universe
+## Add manually created objects to the lifespan_delta window containing current_year.
 func add_entity_to_batch(entity_id: String, amount: float, current_year: float) -> void:
-    var batches = state.batches[entity_id]
-    
-    # Check if we can add to last batch
-    var last_batch: Dictionary
-    
-    if batches.size() > 0:
-        last_batch = batches[-1]
-
-    if batches.size() == 0 or current_year >= last_batch["end_year"]:
-        # Create new batch based on current_year
-        last_batch = {
-            "start_year": current_year,
-            "end_year": current_year + entities[entity_id].lifespan_delta,
-            "amount": amount
-        }
-        batches.append(last_batch)
-    else:
-        # Add to existing batch
-        last_batch["amount"] += amount
+    _append_batch(state, entity_id, amount, current_year, current_year)
 
 #endregion
 
@@ -318,7 +875,7 @@ func _process_enitity(entity_id: String, amount: float) -> void:
     
     # Update state amount
     state.amount[entity_id] = state.amount.get(entity_id, 0.0) + amount
-    state.stats.total_amount[entity_id] += amount
+    state.stats.total_amount[entity_id] = state.stats.total_amount.get(entity_id, 0.0) + maxf(0.0, amount)
     
     # Update items to display
     items_to_update[entity_id] = state.amount[entity_id]
@@ -328,7 +885,7 @@ func _process_enitity(entity_id: String, amount: float) -> void:
     if entity.group_as != "":
         state.amount[entity.group_as] = state.amount.get(entity.group_as, 0.0) + amount
         items_to_update[entity.group_as] = state.amount[entity.group_as]
-        state.stats.total_amount[entity.group_as] += amount
+        state.stats.total_amount[entity.group_as] = state.stats.total_amount.get(entity.group_as, 0.0) + maxf(0.0, amount)
 
 
 
diff --git a/world/owniverse/state.gd b/world/owniverse/state.gd
index 5f46175..63e9e50 100644
--- a/world/owniverse/state.gd
+++ b/world/owniverse/state.gd
@@ -71,9 +71,10 @@ func add(entity: OwniverseEntity, year: float, amount: float):
         }
         _batch_array.append(_batch)
     
-    print('---------')
-    print(batches)
-    
+    #print('---------')
+    #for id in batches:
+        #print(id)
+    #
 
 func process(from_year: float, to_year: float) -> void:
     # производим